Passing by Nella Larsen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Passing by Nella Larsen - Essay Example The selection and the portrayal of the thematic issues in the novel just as is the case with many other types of literature relies on the selection of the literary elements as the below analysis of Passing portrays. Key among the literary elements is the use of first person narration in the novel. A voice is always essential in a novel since the author adopts a particular voice in conveying his or her message through the plot. In the Passing, the author adopts the first person narration technique. The author narrates the story through the experiences of the lead character, Irene Redfield. Living in the Harlem area of New York, Irene Redfield is a mixed race woman who strives to integrate in the racial discriminate American society at the time. The story in the novel thus recounts he life and experiences of Irene Redfield and her numerous white and African American friends as they face numerous challenges. The action in the novel opens up with Irene receiving a letter from her long lost friend, Clare Kendry. The letter reminds her of their times together and the experiences they had in the city. The author of the novel therefore stylistically transfers her audience back into the history of the characters through a literary device known as flash back. Irene remembers her relationship with Clare the two women are both of mixed ancestry. They therefore underwent similar treatments by the society. Their passionate friendship broke soon after Clare’s father died since she went to live with her aunt in a different state. The separation implied that the two would grow up differently (Wall 101). As such, they became two different women a feature in the novel that validates the tension that Irene experiences once she receives the letter. The flashback is a strategic literary device that the author employs deliberately with the view of providing an adequate platform for comparison. Just as the name suggests and the plot of the novel portrays,

History of Vehicles Essay Example for Free

History of Vehicles Essay Vehicles had provided humans a means of transportation and vehicles had been a great help in building early civilizations such as of Mesopotamia with its chariots, Egypt with its reed boats, and China with its wheelbarrow. The old had been improved; the new had been invented; and the future had been conceptualized. These had been the cycle of vehicles through the change of time. Looking ahead†¦ The Wheel and the Ship (3500 BC) The oldest wheel discovered was in Mesopotamia and is believed to be over fifty-five hundred years old. Rock drawings of ships were found in Egypt and are believed to have been drawn around 6000 BC. These thus proved that wheel and ships are known by man at that very early time and were used as a part of their trading and technology. Wheels are taught to had been conceptualized when â€Å"humans realized that heavy objects could be moved easier if something round, for example a fallen tree log, was placed under it and the object rolled over it† (Bellis, â€Å"The Invention of the Wheel†). First boats then were usually built of wood while animal skins, clay pots, and reeds had served as an alternative. The Wheelbarrow (181 234 AD) The wheelbarrow is believed to have originated from China and was invented by a general named Chuko Liang to transport supplies to injured soldiers. It is believed that â€Å"wheelbarrows do not exist in Europe before the 11th or 12th century (the earliest known Western depiction is in a window at Chartres Cathedral, dated around 1220 AD). Descriptions of the wheelbarrow in China refer to first century BC, and the oldest surviving picture, a frieze relief from a tomb-shrine in Szechuan province, dates from about 118 AD† (â€Å"Wheelbarrow†). The Early Triumphs to Fly (400 BC-1850s) Kite flying started by the Chinese had been the pioneer of man on how he could fly. Different thoughts as to how man could meet this objective had undergone. These included the experiment to imitate a bird by attaching feathers or light weight wood to arms which had been proven disastrous since human arms’ muscles are not like of birds and cannot move with a strength like of a bird. Other experiments though were not originally intended so as man could fly included the work of Hero of Alexandria on Aeolipile. â€Å"Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate. Aeolipile must be included in the history of vehicles because it gave the principle for engine created movement† (Bellis, â€Å"Early history of Flight†). In the 1480s, with over 100 drawings that illustrated theories on bird and mechanical flight, Leonardo da Vinci had also entered this search to man’s mean to fly (Bellis, Early history of Flight). Leonardo’s Ornithopter concept had been the basis to the invention of the modern day helicopter. In 1783, Jacques Etienne and Joseph Michel Montgolfier invented the first hot air balloon (â€Å"How Did We Learn to Fly Like the Birds? †). Using the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag that was attached to a basket, they had been able to fly aboard the hot air balloons’ first passengers, a sheep, a rooster, and a duck. On November 21, 1783, the first ever successful manned flight took place sending Francois Laurent and Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier up in the air (Bellis, Early history of Flight). Further studies then went on. In the 1850’s, George Cayley, the considered founder of Aerodynamics, had made his contribution through his gliders wherein a young boy had been the first to fly. The Submarine (1578 – 1620) Designs for underwater boats or submarines date back to the 1500s and ideas for underwater travel date back even further but only in the year 1578 did appear a record of a craft for underwater navigation. â€Å"William Bourne, a former Royal Navy gunner, designed a completely enclosed boat that could be submerged and rowed beneath the surface (Bellis, â€Å"History of the Submarine 2†). Bourne’s idea had never been implemented but a similar apparatus was launched in 1605 (Bellis, History of the Submarine 2). The apparatus didn’t get farther as its designers did not considered the tenacity of underwater mud which caused the craft to stick in the river bottom in its first underwater trial. But in the year 1620, Cornelius Van Drebbel had invented the first â€Å"practical† submarine which was a rowboat covered with greased leather (Bellis, History of the Submarine 2). His submarine had successfully maneuvered at depths of 12 to 15 ft. below the surface of Thames River. He had then further made revisions of his first submarine and legends says that after repeated tests, King James I of England rode to one of his later models (â€Å"The Saga of the Submarine†). Despite success, Drebbel’s invention did not quickly amaze the British Navy that made submarine warfare infeasible during that time. Steam Powered Automobiles (1600 1700) Steam power had been known for the past centuries but it was only in the 1600’s where it had been in practical use. â€Å"Ferdinand Verbiest created a model steam carriage in 1678, that moved by using a principle that is used in the modern day turbine. In the 17th century the Dutch physicist, Christiaan Huygens built an engine that uses air pressure. About 1750, the French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson gave a demonstration of a carriage propelled by a large clockwork engine. The steam engine had then developed the motorized land transport by the 1760s† (Brainard). The first built automobile is attributed to Nicolas Joseph Cugnot in the year 1769. He made his three wheeled steam driven tractor intending to help the French army to move its heavy artillery pieces in and around Paris (Brainard). His being the first had made also his automobile to be also the first to be involved in an automobile accident in 1771. Steamboat (1783 1787) After a century of steam power exploration used in automobiles, development of steam powered boats then took place. In 1783, the first practical steamboat was demonstrated by Marquis Claude Francois de Jouffroy d’Abbans – a paddle wheel steamboat. â€Å"The era of the steamboat then began in America in 1787 when John Fitch (1743-1798) made the first successful trial of a forty-five-foot steamboat on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787, in the presence of members of the Constitutional Convention. Fitch later built a larger vessel that carried passengers and freight between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey. † (Bellis, â€Å"History of Steamboats†). Modern Bicycles (1790) The next notable improvement in the history of vehicles is the invention of modern day bicycles which is disputed on whether the invention of Pierre and Ernest Michaux were the first ever built or not. â€Å"Some history books states that Pierre and Ernest Michaux, the French father and son team of carriage-makers, invented the first bicycle during the 1860s. Historians now disagree and there is supporting evidence that the bicycle is already known before. However, historians all agree that Pierre and Ernest Michaux invent the modern bicycle pedal and cranks in 1861. † (Bellis, â€Å"Bicycle History†, â€Å"Bicycle History in Debate†). Steam Powered Locomotives (1801) Locomotives were designed first by Richard Trevithick but not originally for railroad tracks but for roads while George Stephenson is regarded as the inventor of the first steam locomotive engine for railroads. â€Å"Richard Trevithicks invention is considered the first tramway locomotive, however, it was designed for a road, not for a railroad. † (Bellis, â€Å"Richard Trevithick†). The Motorcycles (1867) The mechanical version of the bicycles had been born with the invention of motorcycles in 1867. â€Å"American, Sylvester Howard Roper (1823-1896) invented a two-cylinder, steam-engine motorcycle (powered by coal) in 1867. This can be considered the first motorcycle, if you allow your description of a motorcycle to include a steam engine. † (Bellis, â€Å"Motorcycle†).

Creation of a Versatile Computer System: CPU and RAM

Creation of a Versatile Computer System: CPU and RAM Jay Kybert I have tried to create a versatile computer system that everyone can use, with a few exceptions. The CPU, RAM, Motherboard, etc. remains the same throughout each system, however certain people require different inputs, outputs etc. In these cases, I have changed the computer system slightly and recorded the price. Link to website used: https://uk.pcpartpicker.com/list/dG7cBP All prices were accurate at the time this was created. This CPU is an older generation but remains a great CPU. I could have chosen an i7 model for the hyper-threading but, along with the increase in price; other components may need to be upgraded to avoid a bottleneck. The 2.7GHz should provide a good level of speed, but overclocking is an option in case it is not fast enough however, this is not recommend for general work use due to the risk. Its power consumption is fairly low for a CPU, at 65 watts. The PSU is fully capable of supplying power to all of the components. It uses the socket 1151 (meaning 1151 pins). However, on this CPU, the motherboard houses the pins instead of the CPU itself. This cooler has a moderately sized heatsink and a fan to push (or pull) air around the CPU. It is compatible with the motherboard the computer will have too. Since I went with a mid-tier CPU, I needed a good level of cooling but nothing massive. This is why I settled for a heat sink and fan, compared with a higher tier water-cooled system. Another reason I chose a traditional heat sink of water-cooling is because of the possibility of water leaking and the management/replacement of water, which can be a difficult task to carry out safely. I chose this specific thermal paste simply due to its cost. There are more efficient compounds available but for a much higher price. In addition, this thermal paste will last a long time if used correctly, which provides a great value for money. This motherboard is a standard ATX motherboard, which fits the chipset on the CPU. In addition, I decided to spend a little more on this motherboard for its newer features. Since it is more modern, there is always the option to upgrade components. This motherboard does fit inside the computer case I have selected with enough room left for cable routing. It has four available RAM slots, which will be more than enough memory for everyone. I chose to go for 16GB since some designing software stresses the memory. In addition, this memory is DDR4, the newest but only type of memory that the motherboard I chose supports. It runs at 2133 MHz, which should provide a good level of performance and allow for upgrades since it only uses two of the four RAM slots on the motherboard. There are lots of different HDDs available but I chose Western Digital since it is a well-known company. I opted for a 3.5 HDD since they spin faster than laptop drives and my case has space for it. This means that the HDD will be able to read and write data slightly faster than other models. Furthermore, I chose 1TB which should be enough storage for a single work computer. This graphics card is part of the newest generation of NVIDIAs GPUs. Although it is one of the lower-end cards, it can run intensive stress tests and benchmarks at a steady usage at 1080p. It is more than enough for designing software at HD resolution, with 4GB of VRAM it should be able to render and load these designs with ease. It is compatible with the motherboard and has room in the case to fit. I chose this case since it can fit an ATX motherboard (The Z170 I Chose is an ATX). Also, there is lots of room for expansion within the case. There is room for an optical drive which may be useful. Furthermore, there is a lot of room for 120mm/140mm fans that will keep the computer cool and running stable. Finally, there is enough room inside the case the house the GPU. I chose this PSU since it supplies 500W of power which is more than enough for the current system. In addition, it is an ATX PSU which is compatible with the case. It also is certified (even though it is only bronze) which shows its efficiency and that it doesnt produce much heat. I chose to spend a little more money than what was necessary on the PSU since faulty or poor quality PSUs can destroy other components. The total wattage of the computer is   ~235 watts. This means I could have bought a 300w PSU but along with that being barely enough, a 500w PSU also allows the computers to be upgraded without having to worry about power consumption. Modern optical drives are compatible with most computers. I made sure my case supports an optical drive so there will be no compatibility issues or lack of space for this component. I couldve spent some more money on the optical drive and chose a different model that may have been more reliable or come with warranty but I decided to save money since the optical drive wont be used frequently anyway. The only time this will see use is when using older software that requires a disc installation. Even though Windows 7 isnt the newest Windows OS, many people are comfortable using it and grew up with it (or similar versions). The jump to 8/8.1 and 10 have drastically changed the layout and general use, making it harder to use. This is why I chose an older version that people are happy with. It is also 64-Bit which supports more applications and has more advanced compatible hardware. I chose a standard HD (1080p) monitor. Asus is a reliable brand so the image quality should be great; this is especially good for designing software. I couldve gone for a 1440p or 4k monitor but, for the price, they werent worth it. It has several ports that the graphics card supports so it can easily connect. In addition, if I chose a higher resolution monitor, I would also need to upgrade the graphics card due to the amount of pixels. The keyboard didnt require a specific model, I chose from a well-known brand that produced a well-received keyboard. It uses a USB 2.0 connection between the motherboard (which is compatible with the current motherboard). I chose this mouse because it is from a trusted brand and the fact that it is wireless. This means that there will be fewer wires running across desks. This mouse works by using USB wireless transmitter. As a result, there may be a little latency between movement and it appearing on the screen, but I believe that having a wired mouse may cause problems as it can catch on objects and tear over time or even break the motherboard port if ripped out. I chose to buy a total of six fans (3 dual packs) since the case I purchased supports this many. The front of the case supports 2x120mm or 2x140mm fans, the top supports the same and the back has a 120mm fan as well as the bottom. The front fans can be intakes, along with the bottom, while the top and rear fans can be exhaust fans, blowing air out. Having the same amount of fans blowing in and out make the case have neutral pressure, compared with positive or negative pressure, which can lead to dust build up, or higher temperatures. I chose to purchase a wired network adapter using a PCI-E connector that will allow the computer to have internet access using a wired (Ethernet connection). The motherboard I chose supports this type of connection. Type of Work: Designs kitchens in 3D * Wants a brand new computer built from scratch. * Has RSI. *Requires scanning in documents. *Two mobile devices for communicating. *Fully networked computers system. I chose to stay with a mouse even though Mr Ramsey has RSI and this may affect his ability to use it. A mouse is this optimal choice for an input device due to its versatility across a number different uses, especially in design software that requires accuracy. However, I chose a vertical mouse since this might prove to be a great substitute rather than a normal mouse. A vertical mouse reduces the strain in the arm and keeps the arm in a relaxed state; this could reduce the pain from RSI. This All-in-One printer can print, scan, copy and fax which should be enough options. As well as being wireless, the printer can print up to 22 pages per minute in black and 18 per minute with colour with a DPI resolution of 12001200. Again, this proves that this machine is fast as well as efficient. The only reoccurring cost is the ink that needs to be replaced occasionally. I chose this phone for communication since it is from a respected brand that has good customer service. This means that if there were any faults, it should be easy enough to resolve, it also means that the build-quality and specifications of the phone are competitive with other brands, meaning the phone has good internal hardware. Since Mr Ramsey requires two mobile devices for communicating, I chose to buy two of the same model since it makes it easier for him to use both as he doesnt have to learn to use two different OSs. Deals with the customers and take down the requirements and measurements of the customers kitchens. *Needs brand new complete computers. *Aadi is left handed. * Require to take photographic evidence of the customers kitchens. I chose this mouse because of its left-handed design. This means that Aadi can use this mouse normally. Even though the mouse is expensive, it comes from a well-known company that specialises in peripherals. Also, the mouse has a variety of adjustable settings, an example being DPI which can be changed to what Aadi prefers. Petra, Aadi and Soolin all required a camera for their work; I decided on this CANON EOS. It is a DLS camera with 18 megapixels, which will provide a 1080p photo. In addition, this model has a sharp LCD screen to change the settings to what is preferred. Another reason I chose this camera is its wireless feature. Once Petra/Aadi/Soolin has taken photos, they dont need to transfer them via a USB or SD card. Instead, the camera is a wireless storage device as well, meaning that the photos can be accessed from their computers without any physical, wired connection. Confirms the order with the customer and looks after the payments. NOTE: The cost of this Microsoft package is  £11.30 monthly. A year of this works out at  £135.60. The reason I chose this package was that it included both the communication software (Skype) and the recording information software (Excel). In addition, this package comes with office essentials like Word, PowerPoint, etc. Since this is a subscription, Brian will be given an email needed to use this software; this means that the software can be used anywhere, as long as the email is provided. In addition to this, there are other benefits to the business premium package like 50GB for emails, 1TB Cloud Storage, HD Video Conferencing and more. Contacts suppliers when stock is low and maintains the stock levels. Sends out the kitchen units and supplies to the customer with a delivery note. * Has a slight visual impairment. * Requires software to look after the records. * Each package has a barcode so it can be tracked. Due to Tsais visual impairment, I thought I higher resolution screen could help him see the screen more clearly. Also, I decided on a 27-inch screen that is larger than a standard office monitor, which should help with his visual impairment. Furthermore, I decided against getting a higher refresh rate monitor. There were choices of 120Hz or even 144Hz but this wouldnt really affect the visual impairment, it would just make transitions smoother and they are more expensive. NOTE: The cost of this Microsoft package ( £11.30) is a monthly recurring payment. A year of this works out at  £135.60. Like with Brian, the Office 365 Business Premium is a subscription-based software which will allow Tsai to look at records. Using network-attached storage (NAS) or a central server, Brian can wirelessly share any excel spreadsheets or databases with Tsai and vice versa. Also, Tsai is a warehouse manager which could mean he isnt always sitting at a desk. Therefore, he can use the Office 365 software on a phone or tablet. This printer will allow Tsai to create and print off any barcodes to track packages. It has an Ethernet and USB port, the Ethernet being for a connection to the internet to print of barcode designs and the USB for a connection to the computer itself. This barcode scanner can identify barcodes and the package assigned to it. This will make managing a warehouse easier as rather than using serial numbers or other methods of recording lots of information, a barcode can be applied to all packages. This means that in the future, a database can hold all of the information and by scanning a barcode, information is given about the item.

Realistic Writing Cormier :: Essays Paper

Realistic Writing Cormier Realistic Writing Every day across the world people are put in situations where their morals are questioned. It isn’t easy for one to say no to something when there is peer pressure or a reward coming, even if what they are going to do is against their morals. I have been in situations where I had to choose to either go along with my friends, in an illegal act, or try to talk them out of it. I chose to try to talk with them and it worked, but this won’t always be the case. When I read novels by Robert Cormier they talk about the society we live in. Most of the topics Cormier writes about deal with what my friends and I are going through. These topics or problems deal with a wide range of subjects, the most common are sibling’s death or illness, teen drinking, and parental divorce. When Robert Cormier writes a novel he doesn’t pretend that humans are perfect. Instead Cormier confronts the evil in our society and world. He shows this style of writing in most of his books. Throughout Cormier’s novels he writes with a very strong sense of realism. Cormier’s realistic style of writing ranges from evil events to family problems. The following four novels by Robert Cormier show this realistic style of writing best: The Chocolate War, We all Fall Down, and Tunes for Bears to Dance to. The Chocolate War is full of evil actions that occur in our world. In this novel there is a gang that bosses other students around. Although our school might not have a gang with a lot of control we do have clicks that perform some of the same acts. Archie’s gang, the Vigils, singles people out just because they aren’t cool enough or because they aren’t in the gang and don’t have high status among the students. One of Archie’s members had a notebook full of everyone who attended Trinity; it contained information on their parents, birth dates, and other personal information that the Vigils use to single out who they want. After some of the members of the gang looked at Jerry’s file Archie said, â€Å"He’s just a skinny kid†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (16). Some don’t want to pick on him because he is skinny and others just want to more.

Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaption to Climate Change

ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTION TO CLIMATE CHANGEQUESTIONNAIRE No.INTERVIEWEE NAMEINTERVIEWED DATE____/____/2014Part A: Family Information 1. Name of interviewee: ____________________________________________________Male ___ Female____ 2. Relation to the family held: ____________________________________ Telephone: ____________________ 3. Religion a. Islam _______ b. Christian__________ c. Others _______ 4. Name of small town: 1. Kipini _______________ 2. Ozi ___________________ 3. Kilelengwani ____________ Part B: Composition OF HOUSEHOLD AND HUMAN CAPITALFamily memberPresently present ( P/A )Gender ( M/F )Age ( old ages )Marital position ( 1. Married 2. Unmarried 3. OthersEducation degree 0 – none 1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. High school 4. Certificate/Diploma 5. Bachelor 6. MaestroCondition of wellnessTechnical accomplishmentsNumber of yearss in the past 12 months unable to transport out support activitiesNameNumberPart C. PHYSICAL AND NATURAL CAPITALName of Rhizophora mangle related physical capitalMeasureValue at market monetary valueObservations/ notesPart B. ( PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES ) OF YOUR FAMILY ( KEY NATURAL RESOURCE DEPENDENT LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES ) 1. What is your family’s chief beginning of income? ( What is your family’s cardinal support? ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – 2. Could you delight name the other beginnings of income, in order of importance?Livelihood/jobWhereRating3. Calendar of support activities:Support activitiesJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSeptOctNovDec4. Please rate the importance ( value ) of natural resources ( Rhizophora mangles ) in to your support and day-to-day life:Natural resourceImportance5. Changes ( e.g. , Total country, location and quality ) of natural resources that relate to your support from 2000 up to nowNatural resourceChanges in 2000 – 2011AreaLocationQuality6. Make your family own a house? 1. Yes 2. No 7. If yes, what is the current market value ( Kshs ) _________ 8. How many roomw does the house have _______________ Family ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED FINANCIAL CAPITALFamily memberBeginning of incomeEstimate of clip invested ( days/ twelvemonth )Estimate of income degree ( Kshs/yr )1.2.FisheriesAgribusinessAgricultural labourerCattle/ domestic fowl rise upingBusinessOccupationSelling firewood3. OthersInterest from deposited moneyInterest from money loaningRentSocial security benefitsOthers ( relations, contribution )OtherSocial capital C. NATURAL HAZARD RISKS, HUMAN IMPACTS AND RESPONSE 10. Make you retrieve, in the past 10 old ages, that your local community experienced any natural jeopardies or unusual conditions conditions ( delight grade X on the months that it happened ) ?JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSeptOctNovDecHigh temperature ( warm )DroughtsFloodTidal inundationLow temperature ( cold )Other unusual jeopardies11. Compared to the past 10 old ages, how have the usual conditions conditions changed?JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSeptOctNovDecHigh temperature ( warm )DroughtsFloodTidal inundationLow temperature ( cold )Other unusual jeopardies12. In the past 10 old ages, did your community experience any troubles ensuing from authorities ordinances on land/crops/hydro-construction or were there any self-generated activities of local occupants that affected the area’s support ( please list in the tabular array below ) ?Factors/ causesLivelihood/agricultural production theoretical accountDamage13. Loss in production and day-to-day life due to unusual conditions conditi ons in the past 10 old ages,JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSeptOctNovDecPoor harvestsLack of imbibing H2OCattle diseasePlant diseasesHuman diseasesHouse harmLosing occupationPlease explicate harm causes? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 14. Loss in production and day-to-day life due to presently unusual conditions conditions?JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSeptOctNovDecPoor harvestsLack of imbibing H2OCattle diseasePlant diseasesHuman diseasesHouse harmLosing occupationPlease explicate harm causes? _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Respondents will be asked to name the types and Numberss of conditions and clime events impacting them and so name down their impact degrees. Three different impact degrees will be used: Increased, Stable and Decreas C. HOUSEHOLD HISTORY 1. Is the above reference family head’s birth topographic point? Yes ( 1 ) / No ( 0 ) If no go inquiry 2 ; if yes go inquiry 4. 2. When have your family migrated? 3. From where have you come here? ( Village: Union: Upazila: ) 4. Why did your family move to this small town? 5. When did your ain family start? 6. Please reference all the old economic activities of your familyYear ( from, to )Previous economic activitiesReason for altering occupation/activitiesObservation/notesAppendix B – Checklists for Oral History Interviews Purpose Oral history interviews were used to garner in-depth information on impacts, responses ( both short- and long-run ) and restraints to responses to climatic dazes and emphasiss of families and their supports in each community. Common checklists for the families of all three survey communities How climatic dazes and emphasiss impact your family ( negatively or positively ) both inland and at sea? Dazes and emphasiss include: – cyclones – inundations – sea degree alterations – land eroding, and – fluctuations in temperature and rainfall – others Impacts on – support capital assets, – substructure, societal services, markets, transforming constructions and procedures, – support activities and schemes ( piscaries or non-fisheries related ) and – overall supports. How you tackle these, both in the short-run and in the longer-term? What things facilitate or constrain while undertaking these? What things help most while undertaking these and how? What things constrain most while undertaking these and how? What are the tendencies ( both frequence and strength ) in the above dazes and emphasiss? What have you learned from the above? In future how are you traveling to undertake these? How can others, outside your families, aid undertake these? – 229 – Extra checklists for the families of Kutubdia Para Why and how did your family migrate? Why did you migrate to Kutubdia Para? Why did you non migrate to other topographic points? Which factors influenced you to travel? Was there any support from non-government beginnings? Was there any support from authorities? How did migration impact your life? What things and how helped or constrained you go oning or bettering your life here? Can you state whether migration is/was a successful or unsuccessful scheme? How is your life traveling to be here in future? Extra checklists for the families of Kutubdia Island Could you speak about the history of your colony here? Why did your family non migrate? Which factors influenced your family non to travel from Kutubdia Island to Kutubdia Para or to other mainland countries? What have been the impacts of non traveling on supports / flights / passages taking topographic point? Do you believe that your family has taken the right determination non to migrate? Is your family more or less successful in relation to livelihood than the families who hold migrated? What are your household’s future programs – migration or remaining on the island? If staying, so how will your family tackle future climatic emphasiss and dazes? How could your current supports be improved? If migration, so how will your family overcome the limitations of migration? How can others, outside your household aid you in migration?

Gender Discrimination Essay

An unfair or unequal treatment which is directed at a person based on his or her sex or gender is defined as gender discrimination. Most typically it resulted from the stereotypical association of certain character traits with women as well as men, the identification of feminine character traits as less desirable and the disadvantage s that result. 3 Most often the victims of gender discrimination are women, however, in principle it can also be directed to men. Discrimination can either be direct or indirect, deliberate or accidental. There are two kinds of gender discrimination which includes: 1) Disparate treatment is a direct treatment wherein an employee for instance is treated differently because of his or her gender; and 2) Disparate Impact on the other hand, is complex which happens when a company policy for instance, excludes certain people from the jobs or promotions. Although company policy is not designed to exclude these result becomes unfair. 4 This research aims to answer the question of what is gender discrimination, the disadvantage that women faced due to gender discrimination, gender discrimination not only in women but also in men and its occurrences in different settings, the laws that prohibits gender discrimination as well as statistical evidence of charges based on gender discrimination. Disadvantages faced by Women Most women around the world experienced lower pay for work of equal value, illiteracy rates are high and in addition to that, access to health care are poor. Recent report of the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) have shown that in many of the main indicators that measure progress towards gender equality and women empowerment, women fall short. Worldwide rate of literacy for women is 71. 4 percent, while men on the other hand, is 83. 7 percent. Research showed that out of 960 million illiterate adults, two-thirds of them are women. With women employed in industry and services, gender gap in earning persists earning 78 percent of what men earn in the same sector is typical. The share of women in decision making positions, have reached 30 % in only 28 countries in the 1990s. In addition to that, out of 1. 3 billion people living in poverty, 70 % are women. 1 Gender Discrimination Occur in Different Settings In many different settings gender discrimination can take place which include the following: 1) Employment setting includes claims in which employers asked discriminatory questions based on gender during the process of an interview; that employer failed to hire and promote, or wrongfully terminated an employee on the basis of his or her gender; unequal pay claims; as well as claims for employee’s sexual harassment; 2) Education setting wherein claims for exclusion from educational programs or the opportunities based on gender and claims for sexual harassment of students are included; 3) Housing Setting includes claims for refusal to negotiate with a person who wants to seek housing, claims for imposition of different lease or contract terms as well as claims for refusal to extend a loan on the basis of gender of the applicant, tenant, or buyer; and 4) Borrowing or credit setting wherein it claims that there is a refusal to extend credits, imposition of unequal loan terms and i mproper inquiries during the credit or loan process of approval, based on the gender of the applicant. 3 Laws Prohibiting Gender Discrimination Most laws were originated at the Federal level, through federal legislation such as the Equal Pay Act which guarantees and regulates civil rights including the law relating to gender discrimination. Through federal court decisions such as those which are handed down by the supreme court of the U. S. , civil rights have been defined and interpreted. Usually very similar to those at the federal level, the States have also pass their own civil rights law, even municipalities like cities as well as counties can enact ordinances and laws which are related to civil rights and gender discrimination. 3 Title VII Civil Right Act of 1964 In order to protect individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of sex, race color, nation origin as well as religion the Title VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964 was enacted. This applies to those employers with 15 or more employees, which includes the state as well as the local governments. Moreover it is also applied to employment agencies, labor organizations and the federal government. Civil Right Act of 1964 states that, to discriminate against employee or applicant for employment because of his or her sex with regards to hiring, termination, promotion, compensation, job training, or any other term, condition or privilege of employment is unlawful. Employment decisions based on stereotypes and assumptions about abilities, traits, or the performance of the individuals on the basis of sex are prohibited by the Title VII. In addition to that, intentional discrimination and neutral job policies which disproportionately exclude individuals on the basis of sex and that are not job related is also prohibited. Prohibitions of Title VII against sex-based discrimination also includes: 1) Sexual harassment which includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions which create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including harassment with the same sex; and 2) Pregnancy based discrimination (Pregnancy Discrimination Act) which prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, child birth as well as related medical conditions. 5 Equal Pay Act of 1963 This Act requires that equal pay for equal work must be given to men as well as women in the same establishment. The jobs need not be identical however they must be substantially equal. Compensation discrimination based on sex is also prohibited in Title VII however, not like the Equal Pay Act, the Title VII does not require that the claimant’s job be substantially equal to that person of the opposite sex with higher payment or require the claimant to work in the same establishment. Based also on research, it also states that to retaliate against an individual for opposing employment practices which discriminate on the basis of sex or for filling discrimination charge, testifying, or participating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under Title VII is also unlawful. 5 Equal Credit Opportunity Act It prohibits the creditors from discriminating the credit applicants based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age or for the reason that an applicant receives income coming from a public assistance program. 2 Fair Housing Act It prohibits discrimination in sale, rental, as well as financing of housing based on color, race, national origin, sex, religion, familial status, as well as disability. 2 Family and Medical Leave Act This Act gives employees the right to take time off from their work in order to take care of their newborn or recently adopted child, or to look after family member who are ill patients. 2 Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 This Education Amendments prohibits gender discrimination in programs of education which receives federal funds, to increase educational as well as athletic opportunities for females in schools and colleges nationwide. 2 U. S. Code Title 42, Chapter 21 Civil Rights This prohibits discrimination against persons on the basis of their age, gender, disability, race, national origin, and religion in a number of settings which include education, employment, access to businesses and buildings, federal services and others. In this chapter one can find a number of federal acts which are related to Civil Rights have been codified which includes the Civil Right Act of 1866, Civil Right Acts of 1964, as well as the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act. 2 Statistical Evidence of Charges Based on Gender Discrimination Based on Statistics, in Fiscal Year 2006, the EEOC have received 23,247 charges based on gender discrimination. According to study, EEOC have resolved 23,364 gender discrimination charges in FY 2006 and have recovered in monetary benefits for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals $99. 1 million. This does not include monetary benefits obtained through litigation. 5 Conclusion Gender discrimination is the unequal or unfair treatment on a person based on his or her sex or gender resulted from the stereotypical association of certain character traits with women as well as men. Most often the victims of gender discrimination are women, however, in principle it can also be directed to men. There are two kinds of gender discrimination which includes: 1) Disparate treatment is a direct treatment wherein an employee for instance is treated differently because of his or her gender; and 2) Disparate Impact on the other hand, is complex, which happens when a company policy for instance, excludes certain people from the jobs or promotions. Although company policy is not designed to exclude these result becomes unfair. Gender discrimination can take place in different settings such as employment setting, education setting, housing setting as well as borrowing and credit setting. Moreover, in order to protect individuals against discrimination there are laws that should be implemented. Most of these laws originated at the federal level through federal legislation such as Equal Pay Act which regulates and guarantees civil rights including the law relating to gender discrimination. Among the civil rights laws which prohibits gender discrimination are 1) Title VII Civil Right Act of 1964, 2) Equal Pay Act of 1963, 3) Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 4) Fair Housing Act, 5) Family and Medical Leave Act, 6) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, as well as 7) U. S. Code Title 42, Chapter 21 Civil Acts. Works Cited 1â€Å"At the Crossroads of Gender and Racial Discrimination. † http://www. un. org/Wcar/e- kit/gender. htm. 2â€Å"Gender Discrimination: Applicable Laws,† FindLaw for the Public. FindLaw. 2007. 3â€Å"Gender Discrimination Basics. † FindLaw for the Public. FindLaw p. 1-2. 2007. 4â€Å"Gender Discrimination in the Workplace. † Allison and Taylor, Inc. 2007. 5â€Å"Sex-Based Discrimination. † The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commision. Modified 2 July, 2007. retrieved 9 Dec 2007 http://www. eeoc. gov/types/sex. html.